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• 1. INHERITANCE
• a) INTRODUCTION
• Define inheritance
• State the meaning of chromosome, gene, DNA and allele
• Define a diploid and haploid nucleus
• State how many chromosomes there are in a human cell and human sex cell
• State how to determine the sex of a person by looking at the karyotype
• b) DNA TO PROTEINS. PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• Explain how DNA controls cell function by controlling what proteins are made.
• State 3 important proteins in the body: enzymes, antibodies and receptors for neurotransmitters
• Explain what the genetic code is
• Explain how the sequence of bases in a gene code for the correct order of amino acids in a protein
• Explain briefly how a protein is made
• c) DUPLICATING CELLS. MITOSIS
• Define mitosis
• State the use of mitosis in growth, repair, replacement of cells and asexual reproduction
• Define meiosis and state its role in gamete function
• State that chromosomes are duplicated before mitosis
• Outline what happens to chromosomes during mitosis
• State the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells and describe the role of stem cells
• d) FORMATION OF GAMETES. MEIOSIS
• Define meiosis
• Explain how meiosis produces variation by forming new combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes
• State the differences between mitosis and meiosis
• e) PHENOTYPES, GENOTYPES AND THE CONFUSING TERMINOLOGY IN INHERITANCE
• Use pedigree diagrams to show how features are inherited
• Distinguish between genes and alleles
• Define phenotype, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, dominant and recessive
• f) BREEDING PLANTS. MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE
• Define monohybrid inheritance
• Use genetic diagrams to predict the results of monohybrid crosses and calculate phenotypic ratios
• Use Punnett squares in crosses which result in more than one genotype to work out and show the possible different genotypes
• Explain how to use a test cross to identify an unknown genotype 

• g) SHARING POWERS. CODOMINANCE
• Explain the term codominance
• Describe the inheritance of ABO blood groups
• State the possible allele combinations of people with blood groups A, B, AB and O.
• Use Punnett squares to determine the resulting blood groups of children from parents who have different blood groups.
• h) SEX LINKAGE
• Describe how sex is determined and inherited in humans
• Describe colour blindness as an example of sex linkage
• Define a sex linked characteristic
• Use genetic diagrams to predict the results of crosses involving sex linkage
• 2. VARIATION AND SELECTION
• a) TALLEST TO SHORTEST. VARIATION
• Define variation
• Identify and explain examples of variation
• Distinguish between genetic variation and phenotypic variation
• State the differences between continuous and discontinuous variation
• Draw the typical graphs of continuous and discontinuous variation
• State that phenotypic variation is caused by both genetic and environmental factors
• State that discontinuous variation is mostly caused by genes alone such as the different blood groups
• Give examples of genetic and environmental factors that cause phenotypic variation
• b) MUTATIONS. HOW WE GET DIFFERENT ALLELES
• Define the term mutation
• State that mutation is the way in which new alleles are formed
• Describe the possible effects of radiation and certain chemicals on the rate of mutations
• Describe sickle cell anaemia as an example of a mutation
• Briefly describe how gene mutations can result in cancer
• c) STICKY CELLS. SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
• Describe sickle cell anaemia as an example of a gene mutation
• Describe the symptoms of sickle cell anaemia
• Explain the distribution of sickle cell allele in human populations with reference to the distribution of malaria
• Use a punnett square to work out the genotype and phenotype of children from parents who have the sickle cell trait
• State that the heterozygous condition for sickle cell trait gives resistance to malaria
• d) ADAPTING TO THE ENVIRONMENT. ADAPTIVE FEATURES
• Define adaptive feature
• Define fitness
• Interpret images or other information about a species to describe its adaptive features
• Explain the adaptive features of hydrophytes and xerophytes to their environments
• e) STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL. NATURAL SELECTION PART 1
• Describe natural selection
• Describe evolution as the change in adaptive features of a population over time as a result of natural selection
• Define the process of adaptation
• f) MUTANT BACTERIA. NATURAL SELECTION PART 2
• Describe the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria as an example of evolution by natural selection
• Give other examples of natural selection: Darwin's finches, peppered moth, sickle cell anaemia trait
• g) SELECTIVE BREEDING
• Describe the role of selective breeding in producing varieties of animals and plants with increased economic importance
• Describe examples of artificial selection
• Outline how selective breeding is carried out
• State the differences between artificial and natural selection